Ratnesh Porwal

Tuesday, 25 September 2012

49.Top Level Domain

A top-level domain (TLD) is one of the domains at the highest level in the hierarchical Domain Name System of the Internet.The top-level domain names are installed in the root zone of the name space. For all domains in lower levels, it is the last part of the domain name, that is, the last label of a fully qualified domain name. For example, in the domain name www.example.com, the top-level domain is .com (or .COM, as domain names are not case-sensitive). Management of most top-level domains is delegated to responsible organizations by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), which operates the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and is in charge of maintaining the DNS root zone.

History - Originally, the top-level domain space was organized into three main groups: Countries, Categories, and Multiorganizations.An additional temporary group consisted of only the initial DNS domain, arpa,and was intended for transitional purposes toward the stabilization of the domain name system.
As the Internet has grown, additional generic top-level domains were created. Some of the initial domains' purposes were also generalized, modified, or assigned for maintenance to special organizations affiliated with the intended purpose.

IANA today distinguishes the following groups of top-level domains:
country-code top-level domains (ccTLD): Two letter domains established for countries or territories. With some historical exceptions, the code for any territory is the same as its two-letter ISO 3166 code.

internationalized country code top-level domains (IDN ccTLD): ccTLDs in non-Latin character sets (e.g., Arabic or Chinese).
Test IDN TLDs were installed under test for testing purposes in the IDN development process.

generic top-level domains (gTLD): Top-level domains with three or more characters
unsponsored top-level domains: domains that operate directly under policies established by ICANN processes for the global Internet community.

sponsored top-level domains (sTLD): These domains are proposed and sponsored by private agencies or organizations that establish and enforce rules restricting the eligibility to use the TLD. Use is based on community theme concepts.

infrastructure top-level domain: This group consists of one domain, the Address and Routing Parameter Area (ARPA). It is managed by IANA on behalf of the Internet Engineering Task Force for various purposes specified in the Request for Comments publications.

Countries are designated in the Domain Name System by their two-letter ISO country code; there are exceptions, however (e.g., .uk). This group of domains is therefore commonly known as country-code top-level domains (ccTLD). Since 2009, countries with non-Latin based alphabets or scripting systems may apply for internationalized country code top-level domain names, which are displayed in end-user applications in their language-native script or alphabet, but use a Punycode-translated ASCII domain name in the Domain Name System.
Generic top-level domains (formerly Categories) initially consisted of GOV, EDU, COM, MIL, ORG, and NET. More generic TLDs have been added, such as info.

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Ratnesh Porwal
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48.Seo Tutorial III

2. Keyword Density - After you have chosen the keywords that describe your site and are supposedly of interest to your users, the next step is to make your site keyword-rich and to have good keyword density for your target keywords. Keyword density although no longer a very important factor in SEO is a common measure of how relevant a page is. Generally, the idea is that the higher the keyword density, the more relevant to the search string a page is. The recommended density is 3-7% for the major 2 or 3 keywords and 1-2% for minor keywords. Try the Keyword Density Checker below to determine the keyword density of your website.

3.Keywords in Special Places - Keywords are very important not only as quantity but as quality as well – i.e. if you have more keywords in the page title, the headings, the first paragraphs – this counts more that if you have many keywords at the bottom of the page. The reason is that the URL (and especially the domain name), file names and directory names, the page title, the headings for the separate sections are more important than ordinary text on the page and therefore, all equal, if you have the same keyword density as your competitors but you have keywords in the URL, this will boost your ranking incredibly, especially with Yahoo!.

4.Keywords in URLs and File Names - The domain name and the whole URL of a site tell a lot about it. The presumption is that if your site is about dogs, you will have “dog”, “dogs”, or “puppy” as part of your domain name. For instance, if your site is mainly about adopting dogs, it is much better to name your dog site “dog-adopt.net” than “animal-care.org”, for example, because in the first case you have two major keywords in the URL, while in the second one you have no more than one potential minor keyword.

When hunting for keyword rich domain names, don't get greedy. While from a SEO point of view it is better to have 5 keywords in the URL, just imagine how long and difficult to memorize the URL will be. So you need to strike a balance between the keywords in the URL and site usability, which says that more than 3 words in the URL is a way too much.
Probably you will not be able to come on your own with tons of good suggestions. Additionally, even if you manage to think of a couple of good domain names, they might be already taken. In such cases tools like the Tool below can come very handy.

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47.Software Testing Life Cycle II

Construction and verification - In this phase we have to complete all the test plans, test cases, complete the scripting of the automated test cases, Stress and Performance testing plans needs to be completed. We have to support the development team in their unit testing phase. And obviously bug reporting would be done as when the bugs are found. Integration tests are performed and errors (if any) are reported.

Testing Cycles - In this phase we have to complete testing cycles until test cases are executed without errors or a predefined condition is reached. Run test cases --> Report Bugs --> revise test cases (if needed) --> add new test cases (if needed) --> bug fixing --> retesting (test cycle 2, test cycle 3….). In bug lifecycle the default state is "NEW" The final state of bug lifecycle is "CLOSE"

Final Testing and Implementation - In this we have to execute remaining stress and performance test cases, documentation for testing is completed / updated, provide and complete different matrices for testing. Acceptance, load and recovery testing will also be conducted and the application needs to be verified under production conditions. The default state in bug lifecycle is "NEW" The final state of bug lifecycle is "CLOSE"

Post Implementation - In this phase, the testing process is evaluated and lessons learnt from that testing process are documented. Line of attack to prevent similar problems in future projects is identified. Create plans to improve the processes. The recording of new errors and enhancements is an ongoing process. Cleaning up of test environment is done and test machines are restored to base lines in this stage.

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46.Features of JAVA II

DistributedThe widely used protocols like HTTP and FTP are developed in java. Internet programmers can call functions on these protocols and can get access the files from any remote machine on the internet rather than writing codes on their local system.

PortableThe feature Write-once-run-anywhere makes the java language portable provided that the system must have interpreter for the JVM. Java also have the standard data size irrespective of operating system or the processor. These features makes the java as a portable language.

DynamicWhile executing the java program the user can get the required files dynamically from a local drive or from a computer thousands of miles away from the user just by connecting with the Internet.

SecureJava does not use memory pointers explicitly. All the programs in java are run under an area known as the sand box. Security manager determines the accessibility options of a class like reading and writing a file to the local disk. Java uses the public key encryption system to allow the java applications to transmit over the internet in the secure encrypted form. The bytecode Verifier checks the classes after loading.

PerformanceJava uses native code usage, and lightweight process called threads. In the beginning interpretation of bytecode resulted the performance slow but the advance version of JVM uses the adaptive and just in time compilation technique that improves the performance.

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Monday, 24 September 2012

45. Precautions to Take When Buying a Domain Name

Domain Name Front Running and Unscrupulous Domain Registrars

What is Domain Name Front Running- It has been a long-held suspicion by many people that a practice known as "domain name front running" exists. Domain name front running occurs when someone monitors attempts to check out currently nonexistent domain names, and then quickly snaps up those names before the person inquiring can buy it through a registrar. The intention is to sell the domain name to the interested party at a higher price, thereby making a tidy profit without even having to develop a website on the domain.

At the time I write this, it has not been proven that these practices occur. However, since such monitoring is technically possible and easily accomplished, and anecdotal accounts from victims abound, many people believe that domain name front running is very real. Particularly when they lose a domain name they have just checked.

Unscrupulous Domain Name Registrars- A related issue to domain name front running is that of unscrupulous domain registrars. Recently a domain name registrar was found to have registered every domain name that was entered into their search box. If you go to that registrar simply to check whether a domain name was available, your domain name will be instantly snapped up by them. Unlike the alleged domain name front runners, however, their operation is designed to be more anti-competitive than anything else. You can still register the domain name at their advertised price (which is more expensive than most other registrars), but only with them. No other registrar will allow you to buy that name, since as far as they are concerned, the domain name has already been bought.

Main Precautions to be taken

· Only go to the registrar that you plan to buy from. Don't check the domain with other registrars, just for fun. Don't check for the existence of a domain by typing it in your browser window. If domain name front running exists, that query for a nonexistent domain name will be noted. Don't take that risk.

· Once you see that the domain is available, buy it immediately. It may be available now, but not a few seconds later (or even less). Don't check and then imagine that the name will be around at some future date when you figure out what to do with that domain name. If you don't have a plan for the domain, don't check it. Or just buy it first and plan later. Whatever the case may be, once you check it, you should regard yourself as having committed yourself to the name. Unless of course you don't really want the name anyway.

· If you have doubts about whether one set of domain names is better than another, buy them all (if you can afford it). New domain names are cheap. Second hand domain names (bought from another owner) are not. You can always let a domain expire if you decide you don't want it later.

· Finally, don't do what a lot of newbies do. Don't post in a forum asking for opinions about whether a particular domain name is good for such and such a purpose. When you do so, you run the risk of someone quickly registering that domain before you can. They may not even want to sell it to you later, since good domain names are hard to think of, and they may want to use it for the same purpose you did when you announced your intentions to the world.

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44.Software Testing Life Cycle I

Software testing life cycle (STLC) identifies what test activities to carry out and when (what is the best time) to accomplish those test activities. Even though testing differs between organizations, there is a testing life cycle.
Software Testing Life Cycle consists of seven (generic) phases:
Test Planning,
Test Analysis,
Test Design,
Construction and verification,
Testing Cycles,
Final Testing and Implementation and

Post Implementation.

Test Planning- This is the phase where Project Manager has to decide what things need to be tested,do I have the appropriate budget etc. Naturally proper planning at this stage would greatly reduce the risk of low quality software. This planning will be an ongoing process with no end point.

Test Analysis-Once test plan is made and decided upon, next step is to delve a little more into the project and decide what types of testing should be carried out at different stages of SDLC, do we need or plan to automate, if yes then when the appropriate time to automate is, what type of specific documentation is need for testing.

Test Design-Test plans and cases which were developed in the analysis phase are revised. Functional validation matrix is also revised and finalized. In this stage risk assessment criteria is developed. If you have thought of automation then you have to select which test cases to automate and begin writing scripts for them. Test data is prepared. Standards for unit testing and pass / fail criteria are defined here. Schedule for testing is revised (if necessary) & finalized and test environment is prepared.

Construction and verification- In this phase we have to complete all the test plans, test cases, complete the scripting of the automated test cases, Stress and Performance testing plans needs to be completed. We have to support the development team in their unit testing phase. And obviously bug reporting would be done as when the bugs are found. Integration tests are performed and errors (if any) are reported.

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Friday, 21 September 2012

43.Features of JAVA I

Platform IndependentThe concept of Write-once-run-anywhere (known as the Platform independent) is one of the important key feature of java language that makes java as the most powerful language. Not even a single language is idle to this feature but java is more closer to this feature. The programs written on one platform can run on any platform provided the platform must have the JVM.

SimpleThere are various features that makes the java as a simple language. Programs are easy to write and debug because java does not use the pointers explicitly. It is much harder to write the java programs that can crash the system but we can not say about the other programming languages. Java provides the bug free system due to the strong memory management. It also has the automatic memory allocation and deallocation system.

Object OrientedTo be an Object Oriented language, any language must follow at least the four characteristics.

Inheritance : It is the process of creating the new classes and using the behavior of the existing classes by extending them just to reuse the existing code and adding the additional features as needed.
Encapsulation: : It is the mechanism of combining the information and providing the abstraction.
Polymorphism: : As the name suggest one name multiple form, Polymorphism is the way of providing the different functionality by the
functions having the same name based on the signatures of the methods.
Dynamic binding : Sometimes we don't have the knowledge of objects about their specific types while writing our code. It is the way of providing the maximum functionality to a program about the specific type at runtime.

As the languages like Objective C, C++ fulfills the above four characteristics yet they are not fully object oriented languages because they are structured as well as object oriented languages. But in case of java, it is a fully Object Oriented language because object is at the outer most level of data structure in java. No stand alone methods, constants, and variables are there in java. Everything in java is object even the primitive data types can also be converted into object by using the wrapper class.

RobustJava has the strong memory allocation and automatic garbage collection mechanism. It provides the powerful exception handling and type checking mechanism as compare to other programming languages. Compiler checks the program whether there any error and interpreter checks any run time error and makes the system secure from crash. All of the above features makes the java language robust.